Major Abnormal Behavior Theories of Psychology

Major Abnormal Behavior Theories of Psychology Luciano Lara PSY 303 William Ross, Ph. D. July 13, 2009 Major Abnormal Behavior Theories of Psychology Abnormal behavior has been witnessed by humans throughout the age of modern man.From the pre-industrialized societies of the past that correlated abnormal behavior to evil spirits and supernatural and magical forces to be cast out by spiritual healers or magician with magical spells and holy ritualistic incantations, to the purveyors of modern day scientific medical and psychological treatments that include psychotherapy and genetically engineered medicines, human abnormal behavior has been scrutinized and reconstructed under countless theories of causation through the annals of history.Witches from the middle ages on were thought to cast evil spells or hexes on people that would cause them to act in unusual ways. Well into the age of The Renaissance, demonic possession was believed to be one of the chief causes of abnormal behavior tha t could only be cured through religious rituals known as exorcisms. Even with the prevalence of such ideas throughout much of the past, progress was made towards identifying where the causes of such abnormal behavior might originate.Examples of attempt to move away from the beliefs that abnormal behavior was a form of punishment delved out by the gods towards those who angered or offended them can be seen from some of the great thinkers of the ancient Greeks such as Hippocrates, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle who rationalized that such behaviors could possibly occur from diseased brains. â€Å"Another general approach to the cause of abnormal behavior reflects what might be called the psychological perspective.According to this point of view, behavioral disturbances are caused by inadequacies in the way an individual thinks, feels, or perceives the world. According to the psychological perspective, people are at least potentially capable of examining their own thinking and modifying their behavior in light of that examination. † (Sarason & Sarason, 2005, p. 11).References Sarason, I. G. , & Sarason, B. R. (2005). Abnormal psychology: the problem of maladaptivebehavior (11th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Sargon of Akkad

Sargon of Akkad And the Dawn of an Empire Sargon of Akkad, also known as Sargon the Great, was an Akkadian emperor who is famously known for his victories and rule over the city-states of Sumer in the 24th and 23rd centuries. He is referred to as one of the greatest rulers of Mesopotamia and he is accredited for the creation of the world’s first major empire (Time-Life 17). He is also referred to as the founder of Mesopotamian military tradition. The story of his birth is what some refer to as a legend. The story of his birth is somewhat like the story of Moses in the book of Exodus. The baby Sargon was put in a reed basket by his mother covered with bitumen to protect him and sent down the Euphrates. Later the baby was adopted by Aqqi, the water drawer, and raised him as his own. His father remained unknown but some have reason to believe through surviving fragments that his father’s name was La’ibum. After Aqqi raises him as his son the story becomes a little unclear, other than the one story of Sargon and Ur-Zababa. Ur-Zababa, king of Kish, awakens after a dream, the contents of which are not revealed on the left over portion of the tablet. For unknown reasons, Ur-Zababa appoints Sargon as his cupbearer. Soon after this, Ur-Zababa Marth invites Sargon to his chambers to discuss a dream of Sargon's, involving the favor of the goddess Inanna and the drowning of Ur-Zababa by the goddess. Obviously scared, Ur-Zababa orders Sargon murdered by the hands of Belis-tikal, the chief smith, but Inanna prevents it, demanding that Sargon stop at the gates because of his being â€Å"polluted with blood. When Sargon returns to Ur-Zababa, the king becomes frightened again, and decides to send Sargon to king Lugal-zage-si of Uruk with a message on a clay tablet asking him to slay Sargon. This where the legend more less cuts off but I am guessing it leads the story of him becoming king (Cooper 67-82). This leads us to the start of one of the greatest empires ever created. The Akkadians were a Semitic people livi ng on the Arabic peninsula during the great flourishing period of the Sumerian city-states. Although we don't know much about early Akkadian history and culture, we do know that as the Akkadians migrated north, they came in increasing conflict with the Sumerian city-states, and in 2340 BC, the great Akkadian military leader, Sargon, conquered Sumer and built an Akkadian empire stretching over most of the Sumerian city-states and extending as far away as Lebanon. Sargon based his empire in the city of Agade, or Akkad as it is referred to, which became the basis of the name of his people. What is believed to have started the rage for rule by Sargon is a man named Lugalzagesi, ruler of Umma, who referred to his self as â€Å"Ruler of Sumer† and would use force with the neighboring city-states. He conquered Kish and killed Ur-Zababa, and then went on to conquer the neighboring city-states. Sargon’s motivation for what happened afterward may have been revenge, but either way, he raised an army and launched a surprise attack against the city-state of Erech, occupied by Lugalzagesi’s forces. He managed to defeat the garrison, as well as a force led by fifty kings loyal to Lugalzagesi. When Lugalzagesi returned and found Sargon had taken Erech, he immediately took to the field, and was defeated. Sargon proved to be a brilliant military tactician. After the battle, Sargon paraded the former king through the streets of Nippur, where the people spat on him in disgust. Sargon then went south, taking the city-states of Ur, Lagash, and Umma – Lugalzagesi’s former city, consolidating his hold on southern Sumer. Afterwards, he proceeded west, then slowly moved north, gaining more and more territory until he created an empire that spanned from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf. There is a story of how Sargon washed his sword in the waters of the Persian Gulf to prove how he ruled from one coast to the other(Oppenheim 276). Also, there is evidence that Sargon may have sent armies even further, to places like Egypt, Ethiopia, and India in order to expand his empire even more. After he finished his campaign, he positioned garrisons at strategic locations throughout his possessions to stop any uprisings. It is important to note that many did not like having a Semite as their leader, especially one that had conquered them by force, so resentment ran high. In addition, Sargon appointed fellow Semites to positions of authority in order to ensure loyalty. His home, Akkad, became the greatest city-state in the coming years (Kramer 66). Sargon made inscriptions inside the temples in his conquered cities that detailed his exploits, and they were more accurate than the over exaggerated stories that where told after the events. You can see all the recorded events on the map in the back with every star showing you where a battle was won. It will also give you a sense of the amazing size of the Akkadian empire. It is remarkable that an empire of this size actually had the army to hold it down and an advanced mail system that would send messengers from one end to the other. The man was a true military tactician planning out every battle and naming people he knew he could trust to maintain his city-states. They were not lying when they refer to him as Sargon the Great. Unfortunately greatness does not last forever. Sargon of Akkad died Sargon died, according to the short chronology, around 2215 BC. His empire immediately revolted upon hearing of the king's death. Most of the revolts were put down by his son and successor Rimush, who reigned for nine years and was followed by another of Sargon's sons, Manishtushu who reigned for 15 years. Sargon is the first individual in recorded history to create a multiethnic, centrally ruled empire, and his dynasty controlled Mesopotamia for around a century and a half. This is an insane accomplishment. This man and his empire have and will keep being referred to as one of the greatest empires of not only Mesopotamia, but the entire world. I am lucky to have researched him and I’m sure many others will in the future. Works Cited Cooper, Jerrold S. and Wolfgang Heimpel. â€Å"The Sumerian Sargon Legend. † Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 103, No. 1, (Jan. -Mar. 1983). Kramer, Samuel Noah. The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1963. Print. Mesopotamia: the Mighty Kings. Alexandria, Va. : Time-Life, 1995. Print. Oppenheim, A. Leo, and Erica Reiner. Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1977. Print.

Animal cell project

The Nucleus is found in both the animal cell and the plant cell. The Nucleus function is to direct all functions within the cell. 5. Nucleolus The Nucleolus is found in the nucleus in both plants and animal cells. The nucleolus function is to assemble ribosomes which move out of the nucleus and take positions on the rough ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum) where they are critical in protein synthesis. 6. Chromatin The Chromatin is located in both plant cells and animal cells. The function of the hromatin is to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, to strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis and prevent DNA damage. 7. Centrioles Centrioles are found only in the animal cell. The function of Centrioles is to produce the cells cytoskeleton which is made up of microtubules and microfilaments. Chloroplast The chloroplast is located only in the plant cell. Chloroplast Job is responsible for making glucose in the process known as photosynthesis. The Chloroplast is green due to chlorophyll a pigment that captures sunlight. The chloroplasts live in the mesophyll cells. 8. Ribosomes Ribosomes are found in both plant and animal cells. The function is to synthesize and make proteins. Ribosomes can be found free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum). 9. Vacuoles Vacuoles are found in both plant cells and animal cells. The vacuoles function is to store food, water, or wastes. The vacuole that is only found in plant cells is the central vacuole. The vacuoles store water, food, and waste. Vacuoles purpose is to serve rimarily as storage units but versatile to perform more than one function. Cell Wall Cell walls are located only in the plant cell. The function of the cell wall is to support and give structure. The cell wall is made up of cellulose. 10. Cell Membrane Cell membranes are located in both plant and animal cells. The Job of the cell membrane is to control what foes into and out of the cell. 11 . Cytoplasm Cytoplasm is found in both plants and animal cells. The Job of the cytoplasm is to keep the organelles safe and in place. 12. Nuclear Envelope The Nuclear Envelope is located in both the plant cell and the animal cell. The nuclear envelopes function is to send a stream of RNA and other info-carrying molecules to the rest of the cell through nuclear pores. These organelles I have listed are in animals and in plant cells or both. The lists of organelles are very unique and if you have never heard of these organelles and cells. I hope you will learn something from my project. In conclusion, my project is to show the similarities and differences between each organelle in a plant cell or animal cell.

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 73

Summary - Essay Example Serious and violent felonies are exclusively listed in state regulations. Violent offenses comprise of murder, burglary of a home in which a dangerous or deadly weapon is used, rape plus other sex offenses. Severe offenses comprise of the same offenses defined as violent offenses, but also take in other crimes such as burglary of a home and assault with an intention to commit a murder or robbery. This regulation also punishes habitual offenders (Walker 1). The law of imposing longer jail sentences for habitual offenders than first-time offenders who commit a similar crime. This is because Judges also take into consideration previous offenses before sentencing. Nevertheless, there is a more up to date history of mandatory prison sentences for habitual offenders. For instance, New York has a law, Persistent Felony Offender, which dates back to 19th century (Walker 2). Such sentences were, however, not obligatory in all cases, and judges had much more caution than before as to what term of imprisonment may be imposed. The three strikes law, however, works. Take a state like California for instance. Violent crimes, especially murder, have gone down in the Los Angeles area, plus other areas of the southland (Garvey 1). Homicide count in Los Angeles in the year 2010 was 297. This was less than a third of the 1992 homicides that were 1000 (Garvey 1). However, this might only be a correlation and not underlying, as violent crime has also gone down in other parts of California where the three strikes rule is not obligatory. It should also be renowned that punishments for murder are exceptionally harsh. Murder results in tremendously long sentences, life sentences without the likelihood of parole or even a death penalty (Garvey 1). Even though, it is a first conviction, murder still overshadows any curb effect of the three strikes law. Nevertheless, there is some proof that offenders on their last strike are more anxious to flee

Google docs Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google docs - Assignment Example Along with these tools, Google Docs also allows us to store documents created using these applications over the Internet. For this purpose, it currently offers a disk space of 1GB. However, this storage space is offered free of cost and there are no additional charges involved in its upgrading. Moreover, Google Corporation is always trying to implement ways to improve the performance and capabilities of its applications, services and capabilities. In this scenario, it has implemented a service for its users through which they can upload documents or files of any type to available storage space. This service allows its users to effectively backup files online. Furthermore, the use of Google Docs and its support for application storage through cloud environment allow its users to access these applications and documents developed through these applications from anywhere and anytime (Firth & Mesureur, 2010; Ragupathi, 2013; Meloni, 2010; Zhou, Simpson, & Domizi, 2012). Without a doubt, this suite can be used by the students a number of ways. For instance, one of the most important use of Google Docs is to improve collaboration among students while working in teams. It is an admitted fact that students at university level work in groups. So using this suite they can be able to create documents that are available online for all the team members and changes made in these documents will become visible immediately (Firth & Mesureur, 2010; Meloni, 2010). Along with improved collaboration, Google Docs also provides an excellent platform for documents sharing. For instance, a student working on a specific task can share their work with their group fellows without sending individual emails (Firth & Mesureur, 2010; Meloni, 2010). It is an affordable way to share documents. In fact, it is a secure and cost-effective mechanism for data backup. It provides a considerable

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Peer to Peer Lending Scheme - Essay Example The following are some of the roles Mr. Campbell McBain should expect (Mostafa, 2014).The facilitator should ensure that the functions are given are fulfilled by the right people with the proper experience and authority. The facilitator is the task of developing clear objectives and agenda that are in line with the company goals. He should also decide the workshop process and briefing process. The facilitator should also ensure that logistical arrangements are. During the workshop, the facilitator ensures that objectives are, and benefits are realized. He also ensures that all relevant information is available to the group so that strategic decision-making is facilitated. After the workshop, the primary role of the facilitator is to produce and deliver the workshop report. He also reviews the report with the management of the company. McBain is not qualified for the role of facilitator although he has all the relevant knowledge about the company. McBain has been in the business for a long time and understands the role that the proposed software is supposed to play. McBain is very excited about the progress of the program. Thus, he will be available to the programmers at London Agile (Shankar et al.,2014). Despite his qualifications, it might be difficult for him to be impartial which is a quality required for the facilitator role. He should ensure he facilitates the workshop rather than dictate what is to be. A facilitator plays his role with no alignment or stake in the company, and there Campbell will not be suited for the role (Kafilongo et al, 2014) The company ambassador is the person given the responsibility of ensuring he or she embodies the cooperate identity of the company. The company ambassador has the ability of the to use promotional strategies that will strengthen the customer product relationship. It will influence a large number of organizations into using the products of the organization (Turk et al, 2014). The

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 77

Case Study Example s required for admissions, the processing of test results for patients and transferring patients’ diagnosis or treatment at different places so that it could be more proficient. Previously, all the four sites that the hospital operates in had employed the use of different information technology systems that included electronic medical records system, e-payment systems as well as picture archiving and communications systems which are used in the management of imaging data from MRIs and computed tomography scanning systems. This meant that when patients had to be transferred from one hospital site to another, they were required to carry all their relevant medical records and data with them and the information had to be manually entered into the electronic system that was operated by the hospital. A lot of time and money was wasted through this process and since the hospital sites were not in a position to share histories of patients easily, they were forced to diagnose patients more than once therefore doubling some costs. The Integrated Medical Information System project was founded to deal with these issues that were reducing the efficiency of the hospital. It was meant to phase out the information stores that existed at all of the four sites the hospital operated through coming up with a central source of patient information that was referred to as a data warehouse. The data warehouse entails storage systems for patient’s records along with PaCS data for each site that the hospital operates while having a backup that is off the site to protect the records of the patients. The system transmits the patient’s data between the different sites through a secured private network which ensured that there is regulatory compliance together with integrity as only the employees who are authorised may be able to access it. The different sites of the hospital can simply access the warehouse through a web browser making access to information easy and fast thus reducing

Evaluate critically the challengs that human resource professionals Essay

Evaluate critically the challengs that human resource professionals face when recruiting a flexible workforce - Essay Example In this paper we will discuss the various challenges faced by HR professionals in today's business world and how to overcome those challenges. Top HR professionals frequently say that their corporation's employees are its primary and vital assets. Being prosperous at recruiting a flexible workforce variety of program engages recruiting and hanging on to the 'specially selected' employees in the ability pool. For the HR professional it does imply seeing outside of 'understandable' staffing techniques and settings for a flexible workforce, then finding out how to run human potential perceptively (Drucker 1974). It requires a growing wakefulness of how employees from diverse environments cope with ability, communiqu, in general business decorum, and be connected with their areas of association (Powell 2003). Recruiting workforce is a course of action that comes to pass in lots of stages in an organization. It requires HR professionals first to employ a proficient and skilled staff, then to provide accommodation to individual requirements in the context of the work group and the corporation (Powell 2003). Despite all the considered settlement ... Had 12 percent of the workforce willingly leave their jobs since the start of 2006 Noted that non-management workforce were the odds-on to leave their jobs (71 percent) Were worried about voluntary resignations (73 percent) Employed particular retention procedures (50 percent) This survey, conducted by CareerJournal, explains that workforce and HR professionals have a tendency to see eye to eye on the top rationales workforce prefer to put down their corporations: better payment (30% of workforce); job openings (27% of workforce); and world-weariness with the possibility for professional growth (21% of workforce). These percentages have somehow clearly shown the obvious challenges faced by the HR professionals in recruiting a flexible workforce. However, through a combination of exact questionings and a cautious human contact, human resources professionals are powerless to offer a series of constructive answers to employers all over the entire world (Kaplan and Norton 2006). As a result, an efficient human resources plan is actually required to add to the return on investment that lots of HR professionals can be expecting while hiring or recruiting their workforce. Evaluation Constant evaluation of staffing efforts is required to find out the worth of various methods and approaches, providing some stages of 'costing information', 'discovering potential hurdles', and 'show progresses' (Wilson and Adams). Certainly, with the appliance of sensitive means that assist to keep an eye on workforce as they progress in their job situations, human resources professionals are required to endow with exact evaluation systems as well as to their workforce recruitment functions. With the idyllic set of HR appliances, every worker in the

Economic Indicator Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Economic Indicator Paper - Essay Example For instance, the prevailing value of the American Real GDP, when calculated in relation to the year 2000 is approximately 12,000 billion dollars. GDP is a leading economic indicator and it usually rises before an upturn in real GDP and falls before a downturn in real GDP. Real GDP is also quite handy when it comes to predicting changes in the housing industry in the immediate future. Alongside such indicators as stock prices, average weekly hours worked in industries and housing starts, the trends set by real GDP can have a bearing on the overall health of the housing industry. Housing starts are defined as the number of residential units on which construction is started every month. Housing starts are a key economic indicator that determines the health and future direction of the Housing industry. Usually though, an increase in housing starts indicates an increase in economic growth. The following chart published by the U.S.Bureau of the Census gives a historical perspective of housing starts. According to a credible industry expert, â€Å"housing starts fell to six percent in August of 2007 to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.665 million, while permits fell 2.3 percent from July and for the seventh consecutive month to a 1.722 million level. The August 2006 permit level was the lowest in 4 years. The month-over-month August starts decline occurred in both the single-family (-5.9%) and multifamily (-6.7%) sectors and in three out of the 4 Census regions, the exception being the Northeast†. These statistics mean that the housing industry is slated for a slowdown in the near future. Furthermore, with fears of an impending recession of the general economy, housing industry is also set to suffer to the extent. Mortgage is a loan given to an individual or a corporation on the basis of the value of a house, building or any other

Writing Assignment #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Writing Assignment #2 - Essay Example Products in oligopolistic market structures will usually have very few or no substitutes as in the case of oil. The automobile industry in the world also evidences oligopolistic tendencies with a few large car manufactures selling similar auto models across the world. In most cases, players in such industries are torn between competing separately to win the market and coming together to create a monopolistic situation. Normally, the latter case never works as most companies rebrand constantly to differentiate themselves from their competitors. This is clearly seen in the automobile industry where different auto makers are customizing their brands to suite specific categories of people in the market. In a duopoly market structure, where the market players are limited to two, the common situation is normally cooperation between them so as to limit output to the monopoly style (Perloff 78). In such a case, profit is maximized as the price becomes much greater than the marginal cost. A case in point lies in the operation of Coca-Cola and Pepsi cola which operate in a duopoly situation. Most duopolies are created out of collusion between two or more players who agree to jointly set the price and manage output. Production in that is usually more than in a monopolist but less than in the in the completive market. In the same vein, some duopolies operate as cartels where strict cooperation is the order of the day. Price determination in oligopolistic market environments is always the prerogative of the market players. This arises since these players are normally big enough to influence prices in the market unlike in competitive market environments. In any case, prices in such markets are not determined by the interaction of supply and demand but are a function of the cooperation between the competing firms. Such a pricing strategy is known to create myriad inefficiencies in the market as usually evidenced in the oil industry where the need to rake in more profits

Has the development of Human Resource Management practices replaced the need for trade unions Essay Example for Free

Has the development of Human Resource Management practices replaced the need for trade unions Essay According to Phelan (2007, pp. 45-47), trade unions were the most powerful organizations after the industrial revolution. During the 19th and 20th century, management was largely mechanistic and the position of workers was not felt unless the force of the numbers was employed. As a result, the membership to the trade unions increased steadily to 1979 after which a sharp decline is evident. During the 20th century, Donna, Stephen and Roderick (2007, p. 832) report that over one third of all employees belonged to trade unions by 1979 before declining sharply o 13. % by year 2000. In their view, Gurpreet (2007, p. 85) and Hearnshaw (2007, p. 76) argue that the trade unions decline is an indication of the critical period that change must be embraced to create greater value of the production systems. According to Tove, Hammer and Bayazit (2009, pp. 405-406), the unions lacked the needed sensitivity to their members and held their views towards salaries and job security only. Under this model, unions failed to recognize the fact that if employees were guaranteed what the unions provided, they would lack their value. From their view point, Coca-Stefaniak, Hallsworth and Bainbridge (2005, pp. 361-363) argue that trade unions’ mandates lacked clear definition and therefore kept overlapping between political delineations to employees protection. Consequently, many leaders used them to settle political scores and stepping stones to power. Indeed, Marlow (2006, p. 54) points an accusing finger to this vagueness in executing their mandates that employees sought to distance themselves. A major question that arises at this point is what is indeed the future of the unions? Though many analysts appear to avoid answering the question directly, Pencavel (2003, p. 21) and Blanden and Machin (2003, pp. 121-122) suggest that the unions will indeed not fully die, but resilience of their roles will be evident when major problems occur. Comparison of human resources managements and trade unions Comparison of trade human resources and trade unions brings out the picture of two negating forces but geared towards achieving the same objectives. To begin with, trade unions were run politically and therefore involved a very wide spectrum of employees they dealt with. As a result, Gill (2009, pp. 41-42) explains it was very hard to address the demands of the different members with ease. On the other hand, human resources management is a discipline defined by clear cut professional outline that have key objectives. Redman and Wilkinson (2009, p. 121) explain that apart from this clear objectivity, human resources managers have a narrower spectrum, for instance, one company or institution, which makes it easier to address concerns of their subjects. The approach and consideration of trade unions as Marchington and Wilkinson (2005, p. 114) pointed out in their study, was based on a competitive model that was viewed as a major achievement for specific leaders. As a result, other options were locked out; a consideration that created controversy with economists and political elites. Marchington and Wilkinson (2005, p. 117) further point out that human resources managers consider conflicts to be critical aspects that must be addressed carefully in defining a better relationship and ultimately greater productivity. Though Jose and Fernando (2002, pp. 181-182), use of the term ‘militant’ when referring to trade unions has received sharp criticism, it is perhaps the correct term. Trade unions main method of addressing conflicts was use of strikes and demonstrations. As a result, they resulted to great losses to particular institutions, companies and even nations. Human resources managers however, balance between critical human qualifications, existing infrastructure and overall returns as dictated by the demand and supply of resulting products. Gill (2009, pp. 41-42) therefore concurs with Marlow (2006, p. 78) that everybody has his own niche and stands a better chance of advancing with ease. Modern roles of human resources a) Staffing and selection The roles of human resources have over the years changed with the rising demand to view employees as a responsive system as opposed to a rigid consideration Farber and Western (2002, pp. 398-399) explains that this role therefore creates a harmonic platform that proactively addresses key problems that necessitated the need for trade unions. Staffing and selection is done on the basis of merits; a consideration that give employees great security both locally and internationally. By conducting effective selection, the employees do not feel threatened, but are given a chance to improve on their skills which the organization they work for strongly struggles to retain while others remain opportunistic to outsource (Blanden and Machin, 2003, pp. 126-127). Unions are therefore rendered less essential as job security is indeed very high and payments highly sustainable. ) Rewarding compensation and motivation management To concur with Gill (2009, p. 90) conclusion, poor rewarding systems formed the basis of unions in the mid-twentieth century. At this time most production were privately owned, but most importantly, they lacked effective competition to trigger better compensation and motivation of their workers. Human resources managements’ greatest roles are indeed to assess performance, initiate the needed improvement ef forts and most importantly reward the best performers. In his theory of human needs, Robert Maslow argued that when employees are guaranteed the needed capacity for progression towards self actualization, other systems are easily foregone (Gill, 2009, p. 48). Unlike the trade unions that provided only raising the salaries, human resources create a roadmap for sustainability; a factor that Brewster (2004, p. 371) indicate directly disrupts their consideration for unionization. c) Employee’s development and modelling When refereeing to the current replacement of trade unions roles with human resources management, one cannot fail to focus on the modelling and development roles. Though trade unions train their members on different aspects of their relationship with their seniors and the employers, greater credit as Jose and Fernando (2002, p. 189), suggests, is given to human resources managements. As indicated earlier, trade unions lack the necessary specificity on their members who are highly diverse. Due to their smaller nature of operation, human resources have proved to be more effective in that employees are continuously modelled with close supervision with an aim of improving their place in an organization. Jose and Fernando (2002, pp. 188-190) add that modelling sets a clear role model and a definite roadmap to follow in addressing their concerns and issues. d) Negotiating and change management Unlike during the period of the trade unions, negotiations have taken a central position for all the employees. Brewster (2004, p. 368) explains that human resources management eliminates key bureaucracies and therefore brings the employees closer to the top leadership. Furthermore, human resources management facilitates teamwork to encourage involvement of all the workers in negotiating their views in an organization. To infer greater need for negotiations, Coca-Stefaniak et al (2005, pp. 366-367) argue that internal and external change agents often propose changes towards improving the welfare of the employees and ultimate productivity of the company. As a result, the need for trade unions to create either a rise in payments or even improved working conditions does not arise. Counterarguments In his view, Phelan (2007, pp. 4-75) suggests that trade unions roles will remain critical despite the current decline. He further points out that though many workers have shifted from the trade unions; their need will always be rekindled during the periods of major crisis. During the 2007-2008 financial crises, many workers turned to trade unions for protection of their jobs. Pencavel (2003, p. 25) cites the political interference in reducing the relevance o f the unions. As a result, strength of trade unions will always recur when new political elites with favouring views rise to power. However, the two counterarguments fail to acknowledge the great advancements in technology that facilitate easier detection of workplace problems, faster communication and precise assessment that assists in making the correct decisions to avoid major issues (Hearnshaw, 2007, p. 69). Conclusion and recommendations From the above discussion, this paper supports the thesis statement, ‘the critical roles played by human resources managements that greatly satisfies the customers, improves their earnings, secures their employment, and maintains the correct organization cultures have increasingly replaced the need for trade unions. Trade unions came out as strong movements that were very vibrant during the 20th century when clear professionalism lacked in running businesses and organizations. Human resources management came in with great specialization that is highly proactive and employees driven; a consideration that surpassed the major roles of the unions. However, counterarguments presented in the discussion are true and their roles will often recur during periods of major crisis in organizations.

A critique on Teaching mathematics Essay Example for Free

A critique on Teaching mathematics Essay Graduate students who take up mathematics are burdened not only with the passion to obtain a deeper understanding and mastery of the subject but also with the responsibility to impart the knowledge they gain in their studies. It is acknowledged that there are only a few individuals who decide to pursue a degree in mathematics much less to attain a master’s degree or even doctorate in the field. It is clear, then, that the professors of mathematics undergraduate student are handled and taught by mathematicians who have obtained a higher educational degree in mathematics. Friedberg (2005) endeavors to present ways through which mathematics graduate students can be made better teachers during their training and learning in graduate school. The importance of such a feat are also presented in the article. The audience of the article is the mathematics community specifically the administrative staff in mathematics departments everywhere. Friedberg (2005) aims to provide an alternative to the present teaching curricula in mathematics education. He hopes to supplement the status quo with innovative teaching strategies that will develop the mathematics graduate students’ skills in teaching and handling undergraduate mathematics students. The article effectively presented the subject matter at hand in a readable manner. Anyone reading could easily relate to the document. Friedberg (2005) was also able to pinpoint the audience he was addressing in the article. This was effective in bringing his point across and establishing his goals with the article. However, the content and organization of the article, itself, is not as strong as it could be. A better organization of arguments could have made it a stronger article. Article summary Friedberg (2005) noted that mathematics graduate students could develop better teaching skills by having activities called case studies. These case studies were aimed at enhancing two factors that contributed to better teaching skills: experience and good judgment. Case studies were described by Friedberg (2005) as group discussions on â€Å"depictions of aspects of teaching math to undergraduates, typically involving a difficulty or an important decision† (Friedberg, 2005, 844) Qualified individuals were assigned to act as moderators in the said discussions. The success of the activity was reported by the author, who was also the one to conceptualize and develop the process. Statements given by students attesting to the effectiveness of case studies were also included in the article. Friedberg (2005) also relates the success of the teaching strategy by noting that the materials and case discussions he and his team have come up with have already been published and are already being used in different institutions for varied purposes. Dissecting the article Friedberg (2005) was very effective in his use of simple and everyday language to present his points regarding mathematics graduate students and their teaching skills. The manner of presentation of the text was straightforward, uncomplicated, jargon-free. When a reader goes through all six pages of text, he or she will be able to easily understand everything. This is mostly because of the language used by Friedberg. The article’s target audience was also effectively identified even on the very first page of the article. â€Å"The topic of this article should thus be of genuine importance to the entire math community. † (Friedberg, 2005, 842) From this one line found on the first page, it is clear that the author has already pinpointed the audience for whom he intended the article. Knowing who the author is â€Å"talking to† is a very important factor that increases the value of the article. When the author has a clear idea who he intends the article for, he is able to narrow his discussion down to tailor-fit that particular audience. There are, therefore, a number of things that may be edited out of the article already. The value of the article thus increases for that target population because the arguments and points contained therein are meant for them specifically. In writing the article, the author was also able to focus himself on concepts that would be most pertinent and relevant to his identified audience. Thus the Friedberg (2005) article is suited for the mathematics community and as such it will have the greatest value for that particular subgroup. Despite the positive factors regarding the article, the organization of the author’s points was not well thought out. Friedberg (2005) tended to expound too much on certain topics that were not as necessary in driving home his point about case studies being effective teaching tools. For example, too much attention was given to teaching assistants and certain characteristics of that subgroup. Although the topic is related to the article’s main concern, its weight in the overall impact of the article should have been taken into consideration and the amount of time spent expounding that point should have been adjusted accordingly. Conclusion Over-all, the article was effective in presenting the use of case studies as a tool for developing the teaching skills of mathematics graduate students. However, the arguments would have been more powerful if the author had given more thought to the organization of the article’s main points. Reference Friedberg, S. (2005). Teaching mathematics graduate students how to teach. Notice of the AMS, 52(8), 842-847.

Employees Perception About Merger Management Essay

Employees Perception About Merger Management Essay The present economic scenario has witnessed a large number of merger and acquisitions in banking industry all over the world. One of the principal objectives behind the merger Acquisition in banking sector is to reap the benefit of economies of scale. The growing competition has compelled banks to expand their size and to penetrate in market place; it indicates the rule of the ocean that big fish will eat small fish. Consequently, one of the most widely used tools is mergers and acquisitions. However, the market situation is such that there is bombardment of many new and divers products from large pool of bankers. For survival, deliberate decisions are required to mitigate the diverse effects of market forces. At the time of taking decision of MAs, generally financial issues are taken care of and HR issues are ignored which is most important issue for success of any merger. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to assess the level of satisfaction among employees of the merged bank i.e. the erstwhile bank of Rajasthan ltd. This study is based on a pilot survey; small sample of 30 employees, which is taken from the 14 selected branches from Udaipur city, and paired sample t-test, is applied to test the significant difference of the sample along with weighted average method. The results revealed that post merger satisfaction level is low and stress level is high among bank employees after merger. The implication of the study is for policy makers, strategist, bankers, future researchers, and scholars. Key Words: Merger, Acquisition, Bank, Employees, Perception 1. Introduction: In recreation of organizational growth, augmenting geographic networks, to accelerate market share, creating strategic fit and synergy; organizations are adopting strategic tools like Mergers and Acquisitions (MAs). It is evident from the pages of history that MAs is the most widely used inorganic strategic tool for growth. A merger is a combination strategy of two or more organization in which one acquires the assets and liabilities of the other in exchange for share or cash. At this point of time, it becomes imperative for strategist and policy makers to undertake the confidence of their employees, customer, shareholder and subsidiaries and to understand how they perceive any strategic move because this surely affects the image of the company. Kotler (1997, p. 185-86) has illustrated in his book that perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets information inputs to create a meaningful picture of the world. Since the world market is shrinking and consumers are becoming aware about various products and services offered by global players due to the emergence of ICT, it has become strategically important for banks to understand the perception of employees under the purview of MAs, this is so, because they deliver the services. Many researchers have proved that human factor is the key element in delivery of services. Thus, we can say that core reason for success and failure of mergers are human resources i.e. personnel and behavioral issues, blends of cultures and sets of policies practices. Therefore, Transferee Company must create an environment where the employees of Transferor Company can project merger as a steps towards growth. Consequently, employees will strive to work with integration of vision and mission of Transferee Company. Thus, this study can contribute in the field of strategic management as a view point of employees and human resource management. Strategist can consider this view as an input in strategy formulation. In this scenario, this study on employees perception may be a modest attempt to trace the hard realities regarding employees perception of ICICI Bank Ltd. It will be helpful for ICICI mangers, executives, and employees, government, banking industry, RBI, research scholar, strategic managers, HR managers and policy makers. 2. Review of Literature: Schneider and Bowen (1985) reported significant relationships between branch employees perceptions of organizational human resources practices and branch customers attitudes about services. Schweiger and Weber (1989) suggested that Mergers and acquisitions (MAs) are corporate events that have the potential to create severe personal trauma and stress which can result in psychological, behavioral, health, performance, and survival problems for both the individuals and companies involved. With the increasing size and number of MAs transacted and the number of employees affected, it is essential that executives and human resource professionals pay greater attention to understanding the sequence of actions and reactions associated with the process. Schweiger and Denisi (1991) conducted a longitudinal field experiment to evaluate the various effects of a communication program on employees of an organization; they called it a realistic merger preview. This study was intended to measure the effects of mergers and acquisitions on employees. Their results suggested that realistic communication during a merger process in the form of a realistic merger preview can help the employees to get through the process of merger. As illustrated by the significantly lower measures on global stress and perceived uncertainty and significantly higher on job satisfaction, commitment and self-reported performance for the experimental group, exposed to the communication program. Schneider and Dunbar (1992) suggest that media plays an important role in shaping the social context for mergers and acquisition. Weber (1996) assessed the role of corporate cultural fit, autonomy removal, and commitment of managers to the merger in predicting effective integration between merger partners in different industry sectors. He found that relationship was very complex; they varied across industries and had different relationships with different measures of performance. Further, he found that cultural differences at the top management level were most likely to influence the merging organizations ability to realize synergies. Literature shows that communication also plays vital role in the success of a merger. Nikandrou, Papalexandris and Bourantas (2000) explored a number of variables which bear an impact on managerial trustworthiness, for example frequent communication before and after acquisition, and already the existing qualities of employee relations seem to play the most important role. Therefore, a carefully planned, employee-centered communication programme, together with a good level of employee relations, seem to form the basis for a successful outcome as far as employee relations in the face of mergers and acquisitions is concerned. Therefore issues related to human resource management are also raised by researchers in articles. Appelbaum, Gandell, Yortis, Proper and Jobin (2000) conclude that communications throughout the MA process plays a crucial role in its eventual success. Providing clear, consistent, factual sympathetic and up-to-date information in various ways will increase the cooping abilities of employees, which will in turn increase their productivity. This increased productivity will positively impact on firms performance and create sustained competitive advantage by achieving the projected strategic fit and synergies. Communication and a transparent change process are important, as this will often determine not only how a leader will be regarded, but who will be regarded as a leader. Leaders need to be competent and trained in the process of transforming organizations to ensure that individuals within the organization accept the changes prompted by a merger. Hurtt, Kreuze and Langsam (2000) suggest that growth is the primary reason for MAs. Panchal and Cartwright (2001) investigated post-merger stress in a sample of field sales employees. A survey methodology was used to examine group differences, comparing those from the two pre-merger companies and those newly merged organization. Results revealed that group differences in both sources and effects of stress existed. Those from the dominant pre-merger company reported the highest stress levels and most negative work attitudes. Lynch and Lind (2002) also suggest that mergers and acquisitions is one of the major tools for organizational growth and on the other hand Dario, Fabio and Carmelo (2002) investigated using Italian data that mergers seek to improve income from services. Bryson, (2003) reviewed the literature around managing HRM risk in a merger. He found that poor merger results are often attributed to HRM and organizational problems, and that several factors related to maintaining workforce stability are identified as important in managing HRM risk. Schraeder and Self (2003) also found that organizational culture is one factor as a potential catalyst to MA success. DeLong (2003) studied sample of 54 bank mergers announced between 1991 and 1995, tests several facets of focus and diversification. The study found that upon announcement, the market rewards the merger of partners that focus their geography and activities and earning stream. Only of these facets, focusing earning streams enhances long-term performance. Shanmugam and Nair (2004) identified factors in their study on mergers and acquisitions of banks in Malaysia like globalization, liberalization and information technology developments have contributed to the need for a more competitive, resilient and robust financial systems. George and Hegde (2004) reported a case for the delicate aspect of employees attitudes, their satisfaction and motivation, which are posited as prerequisites for customer satisfaction, which is, again, sine qua non for the competitive sustenance of the organization. Chew and Sharma (2005) examined the effectiveness of human resource management (HRM) and organizational culture on financial performance of Singapore-based companies involved in mergers and acquisition activities. They used the method of content analysis to collect information on cultural values and HRM effectiveness, using Kabanoffs content analysis. Culture profiles were then assigned to organizations in the sample following the results from cluster analysis. Various financial ratios were used to measure organizational performance. Finally, regression analysis was performed to test various hypotheses. The key finding of the study suggests that organizations with elite and potential leader, when complemented by human resource effectiveness, had a better financial performance as compared to other organizations. At the end it was concluded that to achieve better financial results by undertaking merger and acquisition activities organizations need to have elite or leadership value prof ile. Seo and Hill (2005) identified six theories viz. anxiety theory, social identity theory, acculturation theory, role conflict theory, job characteristics theory, and organizational justice theory to explain problems in managing the merger and acquisition and organizational change process. These theories have implicitly or explicitly formed the basis for the past MA literature. The authors integrate these theories into one conceptual framework that clearly delineates unique sources of problems that can emerge in different stages of MA integration, their psychological and behavioral effects on employees, and prescriptions to address the problems. According to Mylonakis (2006a) an important parameter in the relationship between the number of branches and employment is branch size. He has used most well-known indicators for the evaluation of staff efficiency in banking sector i.e. operating revenue per employee, personnel expenses per employee and pre-tax profits to personnel expenses. He observed that operating revenue either fall or remains stable, administrative expenses per employee increase for every examined bank and pre-tax profits to personnel expenses indicator showed how many Euros are gained by the bank for every euro spent in staff payroll. Mylonakis (2006b) has examined in his article that how bank employees perceive bank MAs and how it is expected to affect their personal and professional career. The results showed that bank employees feel personally threatened by mergers and acquisitions, which are not considered to be justified and necessary entrepreneurial activities conducive to enhanced, quality banking services. Mergers and Acquisitions often have a negative impact on employee behavior resulting in counterproductive practices, absenteeism, low morale and job dissatisfaction. It appears that an important factor affecting the successful outcome of acquisitions is top managements ability to gain employee trust. Wickramasinghe and Chandana (2009) took views of 109 employees of two banks of Sri Lanka, which had undergone an extension merger and a collaborative merger and reported that employee perceptions are affected by the type of the merger and employees are less satisfied in the collaborative merger than in the extension merger. Further findings revealed that age, gender, and marital status influence the perceptions of the respondents and among those age is the most influential. DeYoung, Evanoff and Molyneux (2009) have found in their study that the changes in deregulation, allowed commercial banks and other financial services firms to expand through mergers and acquisition into geographic markets and product markets. Marmenout, K (2010) conducted experimental study to examine how employees make sense of a merger announcement and investigates the relationship between deal characteristics (culture clash potential, degree of integration, position in deal structure) and employee attitudes. As employees make sense of the merger, higher perceived uncertainty is associated with greater dysfunctional outcomes. Calipha, Tarba and Brock (2011, p. 1-24) have reviewed MA motives and success factors in their article such as entering a new market, gaining new scarce resources, achieving synergies and other managerial and organizational factors that are associated with MA i.e. relative size of MA partner, managerial involvement, culture and organizational structural issues etc. Goyal and Joshi (2012a) identified the general sentiments, challenges and opportunities for the Indian Banking Industry. They concluded challenges and opportunities like rural market, transparency, customer expectations, management of risks, growth in banking sector, human factor, global banking, environmental concern, social, ethical issues, employee and customer retentions. They further concluded that banks are striving to combat the competition and the competition from global banks and technological innovation has compelled the banks to rethink their policies and strategies. (2012b) studied the growth of ICICI Bank Ltd. through mergers, acquisitions, and amalgamation. The article concluded that a firm must devise a strategy in three phases i.e. Pre-merger phase, acquisition phase and post-merger phase. 3. Research Methodology 3.1 Objectives of the Study: To identify the factors responsible for employees satisfaction. To assess the satisfaction level of employees, after merger. To assess the stress level of employees (post merger). 3.2 Sampling Distribution 3.2.1 Universe Total 463 branches of BoR were operating across India before merger and out of this total 293 Branches were operating in Rajasthan. Out of these 293 branches, there were total 31 branches operating in Udaipur before merger and merely 14 branches were situated in Udaipur city. 3.2.2 Sample unit There were total 14 branches of erstwhile BoR, which are now functioning as ICICI Banks branches after merger, Employees of these branches are considered for sampling purpose. 3.2.3 Sample Size A small sample of 30 bank employees from erstwhile BoR is drawn by using stratified purposive sampling. 3.2.4 Data Type Primary and Secondary data will be used to achieve the objectives. 3.2.5 Research Instrument Schedules (structured) and personal interviews methods are used for primary data collection. Publications from company, books, journals, magazines and various websites are referred for secondary data collection. 3.2.6 Research Tools Paired sample t-test and is used to test the hypothesis and process the data. Data processing is done by SPSS 13 software (student version) and weighted average method is used. Where; d = x -y 3.2.7 Limitation of the Study The limitation of the study is that it is based on small sample size with geographical constraint and time. The respondents were contacted at the respective bank and appointments were taken. Then, they were contacted as per their convenience and ease. The budget was a major constraint for this study. 3.2.8 Hypotheses H01: There is no significant difference between employees satisfaction level (pre-merger and post merger). H02: There is no significant difference in stress level of employees between pre-merger and post-merger. 4. Conceptual Framework: Mergers and acquisitions is a phenomena which has been used as a tool for growth and a tool for survival of sick units in banking industry. There are certain provision in the Banking Regulation Act 1949, which helps us to understand the basic concept of mergers and acquisition. 44A of Banking Regulation Act 1949 clearly defines procedure for amalgamation of banking companies. According to it a draft of amalgamation scheme should be produced before shareholders of each banking company. If the scheme of amalgamation is approved by the requisite majority of shareholders in accordance with the provisions of this section, the sub-section (4) states that it shall be submitted to the Reserve Bank for sanction and shall, if sanctioned by the Reserve Bank by an order in writing passed in this behalf, be binding on the banking companies concerned and also on all the shareholders thereof. Section 45 of the act defines the power of Reserve Bank to apply to Central Government for suspension of business by a banking company and to prepare scheme of reconstitution of amalgamation in certain condition like public interest, depositors interest, for the interest of banking system and reconstruction of the banking company. 5. Conceptual Analysis of Merger of the Erstwhile Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. and ICICI Bank Ltd. 5.1 Historical Background: The Bank of Rajasthan Ltd. (BoR) was incorporated on May 7, 1943 as a Company defined under the Companies Act, 1956 and has its Registered Office at Udaipur, Rajasthan. The Bank of Rajasthan had a network of 463 branches March 31, 2009. The primary object of the Transferor Bank was banking business as set out in its Memorandum of Association. For over 67 years, the Bank of Rajasthan had served the 24 states with 463 branches as a profitable and well-capitalized Bank in India. It had a strong presence in Rajasthan with branch network of 294 which is 63 percent of the total branches of BoR in India. The men power strength of BoR was more than 4300 employees across India. The balance sheet of the Bank shows that it had total assets of Rs. 173 billion, deposits of Rs. 150.62 billion and advances of Rs. 83.29 billion as on March 2010. The profit and loss account of the bank shows the net profit as Rs. -1.02 billion as on March 2010, which shows that bank, was not in good financial condition. On the other hand The ICICI Bank Ltd. was incorporated on January 5, 1994 under the Companies Act, 1956 and has its Registered Office at Landmark, Race Course Circle, Vadodara, Gujarat. The Transferee Bank, as on May 21, 2010, has a network of 2,000 branches and extension counters and has over 5,300 automated teller machines (ATMs). At present the bank has 79,978 employees with strong financial position like total assets of Rs. 3634 billion, total deposits of Rs. 2020.16 billion, advances of Rs. 1812.06 billion and net profit of Rs. 42.25 billion as on March 2010. 5.2 Scheme of Amalgamation: According to the scheme of amalgamation of the Transferor Bank with the Transferee Bank, it is clearly stated that the Scheme was formulated as per the Section 44A of the Banking Regulation Act, 1949, as per the guidelines of Reserve Bank of India for merger/amalgamation of private sector banks and in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Companies Act, 1956, and the Memorandum and Articles of Association of the Transferor Bank and the Transferee Bank and other applicable provisions of laws. 5.3 Strategic Intent: The objectives and benefits of this merger are clearly mentioned in the scheme of this merger by ICICI Bank that its customer centric strategy which places branches as the focal points of relationship management, sales and service in geographical micro markets. As it is evident that the BoR had deep penetration with huge brand value in the State of Rajasthan where it had 294 branches with a market share of 9.3% in total deposits of scheduled commercial banks. It was presumed that the merger of BoR in ICICI Bank will place the Transferee Bank among the top three banks in Rajasthan in terms of total deposits and significantly augment the Transferee Banks presence and customer base in Rajasthan and it would significantly add 463 branches in branch network of ICICI Bank along with increase in retail deposit base. Consequently, ICICI Bank would get sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors in Indian Banking. 5.4 Issues Emerged: When the information about this merger was communicated to the employees, they did not accept this merger. All the employees were against this merger as it was evident from the strike and agitation by all the three major employee unions i.e. All India Bank of Rajasthan Employees Federation, All India Bank of Rajasthan Officers Association and Akhil Bhartiya Bank of Rajasthan Karmchari Sangh, subsequently demanding the immediate termination of the ICICI-BoR merger proposal. It is a very strong phenomenon from the behavioral aspects of employees in the growth strategy like mergers and acquisitions. It is quite possible that this human aspect may hamper the whole strategic challenges of the bank or any other organization adopting the strategic tool. 5.5 Future Implication: The issue of employees perception towards mergers needs special attention from researchers and thinkers in order to convert mergers as synergy. At this juncture, the prevalent challenge for ICICI Bank Ltd. was to encounter the agitation from the 4300 BoR employees. Now, since the merger has taken place the critical issue for discussion is the management of Human Resources in the course of Mergers and Amalgamation. The mist of human aspect in the process of MAs can be removed by the turning the pages of available literature for better vision in strategy formulation. 6. Data Analysis and Interpretation: Demographics Table 1: Age * Gender Cross tabulation Gender Total Male Female Age 20-30 1 2 3 31-40 2 7 9 41-50 3 5 8 51-60 8 2 10 Total 14 16 30 Table 2: Designation of the Employees * Gender Cross tabulation Gender Total Male Female Male Designation of the Employees Branch Manager 10 0 10 Senior Manager 2 1 3 Manager 2 3 5 Senior Executive 3 4 7 Executive 2 3 5 Total 19 11 30 In analysis, following scale (Table 3) will be used to interpret the mean values of ranks. Results Interpretation 1.00-1.80 Very poor 1.81-2.60 Poor 2.61-3.40 Moderate 3.41-4.20 Good 4.21-5.00 Very good Table 4: Pre-Merger Rank Analysis S. No. Factors Weight Total Weighted Total Weighted Mean Rank 1 2 3 4 5 Very Poor Poor Moderate Good Very Good 1 Satisfaction Pre-Merger 0 8 12 9 1 30 93 6.20 9 2 Work Culture Pre-Merger 0 7 16 6 1 30 91 6.07 12 3 Quality of Management Pre-Merger 0 7 18 5 0 30 88 5.87 17 4 Infrastructure Pre-Merger 0 7 9 12 2 30 99 6.60 2 5 Salary Pre-Merger 0 7 17 6 0 30 89 5.93 16 6 Time Schedule Pre-Merger 0 7 19 4 0 30 87 5.80 18 7 Communication with Senior Pre-Merger 0 4 21 4 1 30 92 6.13 11 8 Authority Provided by the Bank Pre-Merger 0 7 17 5 1 30 90 6.00 13 9 Responsibility Level Pre-Merger 0 9 18 3 0 30 84 5.60 21 10 Designation Provided by the Bank Pre-Merger 0 10 15 5 0 30 85 5.67 20 11 Benefit Provided Pre-Merger 0 7 16 7 0 30 90 6.00 14 12 Involvement In Decision Making Pre-Merger 0 6 22 2 0 30 86 5.73 19 13 Job Security Provided Pre-Merger 0 7 16 7 0 30 90 6.00 15 14 Opportunity for Advancement Pre-Merger 0 3 21 6 0 30 93 6.20 10 15 Working pattern Pre-merger 0 3 18 6 3 30 99 6.60 3 16 Stress Level Pre-Merger 0 4 19 6 1 30 94 6.27 5 17 Ambience Pre-Merger 0 4 20 4 2 30 94 6.27 6 18 Training Development Pre-Merger 0 4 17 8 1 30 96 6.40 4 19 Compatibility Pre-Merger 0 4 19 6 1 30 94 6.27 7 20 Perks Responsibility Pre-Merger 0 4 20 4 2 30 94 6.27 8 21 Redressal Pre-Merger 0 3 14 12 1 30 101 6.73 1 Table 4 reveals the ranks of the variables used in the study and derived by weighted average method. The responses were taken from bank employees on five-point Likert scale and as per the above table it can be observed that the most ranked variables are redressal, infrastructure, working pattern, training and development, stress level, and ambience and so on. Thus, we can say that employees were on the verge of merger and they were in ambiguous situation what to do. On the contrary, in table 5, the employees rated one of the most important factor is Benefit Provided Post-Merger, infrastructure, compatibility, working pattern, stress level, perks and responsibility and so on. Thus, it can be said that financial benefits provided by the transferee banks like salary hike has affected employees. Some more variables rated by employees like working pattern which has also affected the employees. BoR employees were not exposed to high end technologies in banking sector. Stress management in the course of mergers and acquisition is one of the most debatable issue as MAs brings new working culture, new technology, infrastructure, colleagues and peers and it takes time to make adjustments with these. Table 5: Post-Merger Rank Analysis S. No. Factors Weight Total Weighted Total Weighted Mean Rank 1 2 3 4 5 Very Poor Poor Moderate Good Very Good 1 Satisfaction Post-Merger 0 2 8 16 4 30 112 7.47 12 2 Work Culture Post-Merger 0 2 7 14 7 30 116 7.73 8 3 Quality of Management Post-Merger 1 2 11 11 5 30 107 7.13 19 4 Infrastructure Post-Merger 1 1 3 19 6 30 118 7.87 2 5 Salary Post-Merger 1 3 8 14 4 30 107 7.13 20 6 Time Schedule Post-Merger 0 3 8 14 5 30 111 7.40 13 7 Communication with Senior Post-Merger 0 2 11 13 4 30 109 7.27 16 8 Authority Provided by the Bank Post-Merger 0 6 6 6 12 30 114 7.60 10 9 Responsibility Level Post-Merger 0 4 9 12 5 30 108 7.20 18 10 De

Essay --

Butler’s Bodies that Matter Judith Butlers book entitled ‘Bodies that Matter’ examines and questions the belief that certain male-female behaviors are natural within our society. The behaviors that Dr. Butler has distinguished between in this book are femininity and masculinity. She believes that through our learned perception of these gendered behaviors this is an act or performance. She implies that this is brought to us by normative heterosexuality depicted in our timeline. In which, takes on the role of our language and accustomed normalization of society. Butler offers many ideas to prove some of her more radical idea’s such as examples from other philosophers, performativity, and worldwide examples on gender/sex. Some philosophers that seem to be of relevance to her fighting cause are Michel Foucault, Edmund Husserl, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and George Herbert Mead. Her use of the doctrine of constitution takes ‘the social agent as an object rather than the subject of constitutive acts† (Performative). In other words, Dr. Butler will question the extent to which we as a human race assume the given individualism between one another. She has said that â€Å"this will constitute him-or herself† (Butler 13). She also wonders to what extent our acts are reputable for us, rather, by our place within dialect and convention. Dr. Butlers followings being of a postmodernist and poststructuralist practice, decides to use the term â€Å"subject† rather than â€Å"individual† or â€Å"person† in order to underline the linguistic nature of her position. This approach should be of credit to philosopher Jacques Lacan because symbolic order gives the system and signs of convention that determines our perception of what we see as reality. With the exception of ... ...Bodies 10). The very act of saying something about sex ends up imposing cultural or ideological norms, according to Butler. As she puts it, "'sex' becomes something like a fiction, perhaps a fantasy, retroactively installed at a prelinguistic site to which there is no direct access" (Bodies 5). Nonetheless, that fiction is central to the establishment of subjectivity and human society, which is to say that, even so, it has material effects: "the 'I' neither precedes nor follows the process of this gendering, but emerges only within and as the matrix of gender relations themselves" (Bodies 7). Overall, I really liked butlers voice and articulation of certain dilemmas and her theme and reiteration of important facts. I leave you with a quote in which i like from her because you can interpret it in so many ways. It read â€Å"more lives are grievable than others† (Butler).

New England And The Chesapeake Region Before 1700 Essay -- American Am

New England And The Chesapeake Region Before 1700 Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by the people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The reasons for this distinct development were mostly based on the type on people from England who chose to settle in the two areas, and on the manner in which the areas were settled. New England was a refuge for religious separatists leaving England, while people who immigrated to the Chesapeake region had no religious motives. As a result, New England formed a much more religious society then the Chesapeake region. John Winthrop states that their goal was to form "a city upon a hill", which represented a "pure" community, where Christianity would be pursued in the most correct manner. Both the Pilgrims and the Puritans were very religious people. In both cases, the local government was controlled by the same people who controlled the church, and the bible was the basis for all laws and regulations. From the Article of Agreement, Springfield, Massachusetts it is ...

Essay --

There were many great composers during the late baroque period, each with their own distinct talents. Each composer played a key role in shaping the baroque period. Arcangelo Corelli was one of those important composers that influenced many people during his time. He lived in Italy from 1653 to 1713. He was a composer, teacher, and a violinist. Corelli was an influential person in the baroque period; â€Å"History has remembered him with such titles as ‘Founder of Modern Violin Technique,’ the ‘World's First Great Violinist,’ and the ‘Father of the Concerto Grosso.’† (Arcangelo Corelli: A Concise Biography). Little was known about Corelli’s early life. Arcangelo Corelli was born in Fusignano, Italy. His mother, Santa Raffini, named him after his father who had passed away a month before he was conceived. Corelli’s mother had to raise five children, including Arcangelo, by herself. However, she was well of because she owned land and was fairly wealthy. When he was thirteen, he began learning about music from Leonardo Brugnol. Corelli studied about the violin at Bologna. Eventually, at age... Essay -- There were many great composers during the late baroque period, each with their own distinct talents. Each composer played a key role in shaping the baroque period. Arcangelo Corelli was one of those important composers that influenced many people during his time. He lived in Italy from 1653 to 1713. He was a composer, teacher, and a violinist. Corelli was an influential person in the baroque period; â€Å"History has remembered him with such titles as ‘Founder of Modern Violin Technique,’ the ‘World's First Great Violinist,’ and the ‘Father of the Concerto Grosso.’† (Arcangelo Corelli: A Concise Biography). Little was known about Corelli’s early life. Arcangelo Corelli was born in Fusignano, Italy. His mother, Santa Raffini, named him after his father who had passed away a month before he was conceived. Corelli’s mother had to raise five children, including Arcangelo, by herself. However, she was well of because she owned land and was fairly wealthy. When he was thirteen, he began learning about music from Leonardo Brugnol. Corelli studied about the violin at Bologna. Eventually, at age...

Contemporary issues on mobility and work spaces

Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History. Retrieved 24 February 2011 . – also Jump up A A Legal Bridge Spanning 100 Years: From the Gold Mines of El Dorado to the ‘Golden' Startups of Silicon Valley By Gregory Grooms, 2010. Assignment 1, mobility – Threaten Darkish First let me explain how this essays goes which I tough it would look and sound better if the definition and samples come first and then after that and also in between I refer them to interior design and our roles and use as one.I'll start with the definition of the word mobility to get to know this term and see it's difference from the other use of mobility as in the new technology and mobile APS for workplaces. Therefore â€Å"Mobility' indicates a worker's ability to physically move around freely in he workplace to accomplish work. Mobility for work can be assisted with items such as a wheel chair, crutches, canes, a desk near the door, a scooter to ride between distant buildings, and a shuttle bus.M obility also refers to a worker's ability to take advantage of various Job opportunities ( I will write more on this issue below), including the ability to relocate, move to a superior Job position, commute a particular distance to work daily, or change positions due to family and civic responsibilities. Some impediments to the mobility of labor include personal hindrances such as geographical location and ability to move, physical and mental ability, and prior Job experiences. Social/legal hindrances to mobility include a lack of educational opportunities, family responsibilities, and various laws.A frequent use of the word, mobility, occurs when organizations use the term to define the upward mobility of employees. An employee with upward mobility has the appropriate mix of needed qualities and characteristics including experience, knowledge, skills, education, cultural fit, and availability. An employee with upward mobility potential is ready for promotional opportunities*. Now a t this point I going to write further more about the mobility of employees and various Job opportunities to see what that points to exactly and how that is related to mobility.Employee mobility is an issue that has taken on a whole new meaning as more and more businesses have gone global. Employees today are commonly asked to take assignments in company locations outside their home country. These kinds of opportunities are seen as Contemporary Issues in Interior Architecture- Fall 2014 2 benefits by many employees who enjoy experiencing new cultures and the multi- cultural exposure. Managing employee mobility is important though, because without the right training and planning, employees moving to foreign countries will not be prepared to meet the challenges such moves present.Your company does not want to find itself faced with loss of productivity, or worse, loss of its best managers because of lack of planning. Being prepared to address the issues related to employee mobility sho uld be included in the company's strategic planning. Quality of living in this matter can be an issue if a company frequently transfer employees within the country or outside the country. Either way there are concerns which should be addressed in these compensation and benefits packages.For example, in the US, a manager transferred from a small town in Texas to a large northeastern city will be faced with many of the same issues as an employee transferred from the US to Canada and that is a very simple and the most easiest transfer in contrast with moving to India or china, a completely different culture. These concerns or issues include cultural and compensation differences. These differences become more pronounced when the company re-assigns employees from a developed country to a third world country.But it is really a matter of degree. Making sure that the staff are well prepared for these types of moves will insure the transition is smooth and they remain productive. After all t he reason managers are transferred is in order to better utilize their talents and skills within the company**. Here I can say our role as an interior designers may help with these issues but with prior researching, planning, somehow rearranging their working spaces even from their own country to their destinations.So that they can familiarize themselves and got to know those areas better prior going there to make them arm proof and repaper Just in case. Many transfers involve more than the staff also. The managers and workers in general have families who are as much a part of the move as the company employees. It's important for the company to recognize the needs of the employee's family also. Unless the staff feel as if their family will also benefit from the transfer without Jeopardizing their safety or welfare, company transfers will meet a lot of resistance.In these cases also our role as interior designers can come to great use by even designing and making their homes look lik e the one in future after move, better said aka and redesign them as person by hurt so they would not feel alienated. Now here are some instances of companies and how they help these employees related with this mobility matter. For instance the Whichever Workforce Mobility*** helps clients optimize their mobile workforce by delivering innovative solutions that make it faster, easier and more cost effective to deploy key talent and transfer critical skills anywhere in the world.Our expertise in Contemporary Issues in Interior Architecture- Fall 2014 3 relocation and assignment management ensures that our clients' mobility programs advance their business and workforce strategies. They deliver sustained customer value through unique service and engagement initiatives, including: – Trusted Partner – Next Practices – Fans – Balanced Scorecard Here again we as designers can be creative about those mentioned above. Even by being faster, easier and more cost effe ctive.By faster that can be as helping deploy critical talent at the speed of business by motivating them through Just by one look but by a great look. Because opportunity won't wait. By easier that can be as to Just open communication, transparency, mutual trust and boundless innovation. And by ore-cost effective that can be vast global resources and in-house expertise to control our clients' program costs which we can be ahead of it by being innovative or creative in these fields to somehow more economic but more fashionable.Also there is other term as labor mobility, which Labor mobility or worker mobility is the geographical and occupational movement of workers. Worker mobility is best gauged by the lack of impediments to such mobility. Impediments to mobility are easily divided into two distinct classes with one being personal and the other being systemic. Personal impediments include physical location, and physical and mental ability. The systemic impediments include education al opportunities as well as various laws and political contrivances and even barriers and hurdles arising from historical happenstance.Increasing and maintaining a high level of labor mobility allows a more efficient allocation of resources. Labor mobility has proven to be a forceful driver of innovations. There I also another International Labor Mobility. Which International labor mobility is the movement of workers between countries. It is an example of an international factor movement. The movement of laborers is based on a difference in resources between countries. According to economists, Over time the migration of labor should have an equalizing effect on wages, with workers in the same industries garnering the same wage.

My Life Experience

When becoming a attracter or a theater director, it does make a unalike when it comes into play. I confine found that it is rattling meaning(a) that individualised value plays a role in every leaders success. For any leader or manager, he/she should apply these personalised set and sh ar this information within the memorial tablets that they reverse for and as well as for the employees that argon running(a) for them. By taking the value orientation aw beness Inventory Assessment to inspect how well I do to spot my own ethical standpoint and analyze the result with the inventory analysis. To my surprise, I scored spunky in the obligation and the results profiles.It stated factual clearly that ethical decision-making involves three comp unmatchablents awargonness, articulation, and activity (Ethics cognisance Inventory, 2006). Upon the evaluation of this test, it stated that an soul with equal high scores in twain of these areas move be experiencing about inter nal conflict with the leaders own feelings of moral obligations to employees, although the leader was attempting to bring through specific results for a any aggroup or organization (Ethics Awareness Inventory, 2006). afterward noticeing more than about this judgment and its results, I contribute see how this is take into account assessment for me.When I used to work, I al sorts gave it my best every(a) because I had a group of students (mental retarded) depending on me. I made sure I was non only pay off, however I would be there to service them who needed it. afterwards reviewing the strategic plan that Kudler Fine Foods has highly- acquireed for a while, I can distinguish that they do opine in working hard, increasing customer service, a conflate diverse group of employees, and personal transaction with assorted communities in the area. In club for a business to be successful, these are of import what they do.I believe that my personal value assessment result w ould contain right in with becoming a manager at Kudler Fine Foods, and would assist in making the business require so successful by having the right planning in place. Ethics is an important essential fact within the technical world. It offers some valuable information regardless to ethical point of view which visit my determine and the set of Kudler Fine foods and how it would match my role as a manager if I had worked at Kudler Fine Foods. What my thought is that ethical motive plays a conk out that involves employees feelings, thoughts and the benefits.I would try to do my best and come across the around positive outcome in any given situation. The Williams Instuition Ethic Awareness Inventory explained differert ethical beliefs in their study. It is establish on charater, obligation, equity and result. In this inventory, my personal opinion is closer to result than equity. base on its report, I am more focused on the result and the consquesences of my actions, only honestly I do believe that conduct is a way to promoting beautiful for many an(prenominal) employees. The Williams Institute for Ethics and vigilance had stated that You believe that we each construct a moral right to experience the impregnable life.One way to step how trusty life re tout ensembley is would be to determine how satisfied the major(ip)ity of the lot in our society seem to be. If well-nigh people are unhappy, some liaison is morally incorrectly and needs to be fixed. thitherfore, your approach to morality is likely to focus on what could be done to improve the well organism of the greatest numbers of persons. (The Williams Instuitie for Ethics and Management, 2008) I am so extremely provoke to realie my own ethical because values and morality combined are the most important characteristic of a person.They both fundamentally define who we are and what we believe in. There is a list of factors that determine both our value and ethics. I forget name a few and they are holiness, and farming and other factors that affect our beliefs. It is definitely a fact that value and ethics can bump heads with many people from distinguishable background who have a disparate point of view and beliefs whether it is right or wrong. It doesnt means that it is not a good founding to practicing good ethics and morals.How we can develop values and ethics, begins from the age we are born into this world and it all begins with the people who play a major influences in our daily life. Parents, siblings, best friends, teachers and mentors are a huge part of our pass aways as we are growing up . They all played an important part influenicing our thoughts and beliefs. We develop all kind of values and ethics through past experiences whether it is right or what is wrong. Values and ethics are one of the most important characteristic of person. They basically define who we are and what we believe.There are many factors that determine our values and ethics. Religion and culture play a part in our lives and there are many other factors that affect our beliefs. Many multiplication are values and ethics can clash with different people who pick up different views and beliefs. This doesnt mean our values or ethics are wrong it honorable means we think differently than others. about people have a good sense of ethics and values. Knowing amongst right and wrong is a good foundation to practicing good ethics and morals. As we develop many values and ethics through past experiences, it can be either a positive and/or negative experience.It depends how we use our thoughts and beliefs when making decisions and judgements. goal has a biggest influence in both of our values and ethics. Many countries have different beliefs and thoughts of what is or not socially accepted. They have been around for years and their thoughts and beliefs could be unsloped as old if we go way back in history. My personal values experience is very strong a nd I feel that I developed values and ethics as a spring chicken girl. My mother and my grandmother taught me what is right and what is wrong, so that I would not get punished.I remember doing something wrong by notice a lie, but I terminate up getting punished anyway. I am so glad that I was raised by two most important intelligent women who had strong morals and high standards. These were very important to learn because they did not like for me to keep lying, thieving or cheating to get punished and have bad luck. When you do wrong, you will be accountable for your actions if you did these things. So that is why they taught and expected me to be honest study respect to others and treat them the way you treasured to be treated.I mean I love this golden rule. That one thing that I live by is live life like a golden. teaching and comparing the results from the Williams institute for Ethics Awareness Inventory along with Kudler Fine Foods as a make-believe manager, does make m e involve to do a better telephone circuit at planning a allow strategic plan for the team and organization to become a successful business. It is all about having a good foundation block throughtout the oraganiation and exchange ideas and views by communicating and working together as a team.

True Life: Reality Television Is Scripted

Since the 1990s, when humanity video recording system first started becoming widely popular, we comport been able to see into the lives of diametric kinds of tribe, much bouting everyday plenty into celebrities. With some of the roughly popular earth goggle box describes, like spacious Brother, True Life, Ameri foot Idol, and more than or less recently island of island of Jersey Shore, we are led on to believe that it is every last(predicate) real (The Hunger Games proposition of Versions of domain). The truth of this television though is that most of it is either change or manipulated notwith stand up for our own sport.The directors of some of these places lots script, manipulate and plan situations to make the shows more harmonic to their audiences (How Much of the Reality). Even in popular binds like The Hunger Games where reality television is a theme, it is shown that it is changed scantily for the entertainment of the visualiseers (The Hunger Gam es Theme of Versions of Reality). time it is perceived to be real, the name of reality television is a misnomer because most showed turn out to be fake and scripted.Reality television directors exhort their participants into exploiting themselves for the entertainment of their viewers. There are hundreds of reality television shows currently on, and they make up a sizable portion of what the great unwashed are exposed to in popular media, especially young people. While most shows wont admit to being scripted, in fear of losing their reality television title, some shows befuddle admitted to planning situations to concentrate a good reception out to the cast, which makes for more interesting television. as well as, some directors have said that they do push the participants to the edge when they can to get interesting re roleplayions out of them. They say thither are lines that they dont tend to cross, only they like to mess with the mind of their participants of their shows ( How Much of the Reality). By pushing the people to their limits, and manipulating situations, they basically do whatever they can to produce an entertaining show.In the province of Panem, where the book The Hunger Games takes place, reality television is something that the people hold back forward to each class. The people of Panem and especially the people in the Capitol gather together and look forward to seeing the games each year just as a group of friends may get together and bide the season premiere of Jersey Shore. The people look forward to one show in particular though, called The Hunger Games.But this reality show they watch is a little different than the ones we watch instead of living in a planetary house with strangers, or hopefully finding true love, the contestants cancel out one another until one is left standing (The Hunger Games Theme of Versions of Reality). The game makers, who are the ones haughty the game dont seem to unceasingly make it fair, thats whe re is seems scripted in a way. There are several examples in the book where The Hunger Games was altered simply for the entertainment of the viewers.First, end-to-end the training Katniss, the main character of the story, is told to be and act like someone whom she is not. Katniss is told to act friendly, and personable, and desirable so that she will have a stronger chance to surviving the games and it will make the viewers like her (Collins 135). Also another important example of when the Capitol changed the game for entertainment purposes is when they set fire to the forest to keep Katniss in the game (Collins 171). They also set the fire to check the viewers some excitement.In like a shots reality TV, the directors will stir up conflicts and situations often to reach excitement. In modern day reality television and also a fictional version of reality TV in The Hunger Games, entertainment of their audiences is more important than the actual realness of what they are showing. organism said to be some of the most wild-eyed shows on television, an average of 17 million people tune in each week to view The bach and The Bachelorette. What seems to be true love on screen, doesnt always translate to that off screen.The advantage rates of the shows relationships are low. In the 23 combined seasons of The Bachelor and The Bachelorette only 17% of couples are still together. Most of the couple who are not together anymore broke up between 1 month and 1 year after the finale of the show. With so umteen failed relationships resulting so quickly from the show, it makes viewers wonder how much of the romances were truly enhanced for the for entertainment of the show (How Many Bachelor).Reality television is widely popular in todays entertainment it seems like you cant turn the TV on without having not having the resource of catching up on a different version of reality television. We are led on to believe that it is all real, but the reality of these televisio n programs is that it isnt all real. A lot of it is faked just to get a good show, and to entertain people. While simply the genre of reality TV naturally drives peoples interests in, so the directors manipulate situations and people reactions to produce something that they hope to get as many viewers as possible.Its supposedly reality television, so why isnt it all real? report Cited How Much of the Reality Show Is Scripted? Forbes. Forbes Magazine, 30 July 2010. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. . The Hunger Games Theme of Versions of Reality. Shmoop. Shmoop University, Inc. , 2010. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. . Collins, Suzanne. The Hunger Games. New York pedant Press, 2008. Print. How Many Bachelor and Bachelorette Couples Actually Make It? The Bachelor. home plate wetpaint. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 17 Oct. 2012. .

Lieducation in preliterate societies Essay

enjoining, taradiddle of, theories, manners, and policy-making science of indoctrinates and formulaer(a)wisewise agencies of entropy from antique fourth di man fountainsions to the infix. constituteing up au thuslytic from the gentle engage manpowert for pick and enlightenment. It whitethorn be stiff or unceremonious. cozy give lessonsing constitution refers to the superior general mixer fulfill by which soft-hearted beings sire the intimacy and ardors involve to operate on in their polish. d cozy g profess culture refers to the offset by which as sealeders apprize pupils in courses of theatre of operations in spite of appearance institutions. forwardhand the finesse of breeding and writing, commonwealth lived in an environs in which they struggled to turn outlive against ind effectu sever on the whole(prenominal)y(prenominal)ying perpet grade, animals, and proto(prenominal)(a) homophiles. To survive, nescient hoi po lloi veritable accomplishments that grew into ethnic and give lessonsingal patterns. For a redundant(prenominal) chemical separateings grow to poke out into the prospective, sight had to convey it, or persist it on, from adults to c truthren. The so geniusst maturational processes kindkindif senile sacramental manduction cookery several(prenominal) garner nourishment and providing treasure devising weapons and whatsoever contrasting overlyls eruditeness diction and getting the take accounts, behavior, and phantasmal rites or s shoe instructrs lasts of a presumption culture. with direct, in ceremonious breeding, p bents, elders, and priests taught electric razorren the skills and roles they would posit as adults. These lessons in the end organize the example edicts that governed behavior. Since they lived onwards the blueprint of writing, illiterate quite a little commit an oral examination tradition, or tommyrot telling, to ground be possessvas/ compose head on their culture and taradiddle from single propagation to the next. By utilize wrangle, state acquaintanceable to give rise and utilization symbols, intelligence activitys, or signs to extend their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and earn, benevolent beings ca contractd a scripted dustup and do the spectacular hea thereforeish recoil to literacy.III checking IN antique AFRICA AND ASIA In past Egypt, which flourished from some 3000 BC to just intimately d BC, priests in temple rails taught non however faith just a want the principles of writing, the sciences, mathematics, and architecture. as rise up as in India, priests drawed n archeozoic of the globe pedagogics. initial in rough 1200 BC Indian priests taught the principles of the Veda, the reverend texts of Hinduism, as well as science, grammar, and philosophic scheme. administrati leadd companionship in china dates t o often(prenominal) or less 2000 BC, though it thrived peculiarly during the easterly chuck Dynasty, from 770 to 256 BC (see mainland China The easterly Zhou).The course of memorize disturbed philosophy, poetry, and holiness, in altogether toldow with the gentilitys of Confucius, Laozi (Lao-tzu), and opposite philosophers. IV tuition IN past GREECE Historians beat looked to superannuated Greece as iodine of the origins of horse opera nut t for whole(prenominal)(prenominal) angiotensin converting enzymeing. The Iliad and the Odyssey, big poems attri yeted to hearth run and indite quondam(prenominal) in the eighth nose evictdy BC, constituted a hea past tradition that gave the Hellenics a earthly concern of concourse identity. In their outstanding neb of splitical struggles, bulls eyes epics inspection and repaird distinguished explainmental purposes.The fabled secernateical warriors depict in homing pigeons engagement, muc h(prenominal)(prenominal) as Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Achilles, were heroes who served as poses for the vernal Grecians. antediluvian Greece was split into diminutive and oft competing city-states, or poleis, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as capital of Greece, S elementa, and Thebes. capital of Greece show a clement and parliamentary clubho role and nurture, unfinishedly just close to tethersomesome of the bulk in capital of Greece were shift citizens. Slaves and residents from an some pertly(prenominal)wise(a)wise(prenominal)wise countries or city-states do up the slackening of the community. further the sons of giving citizens accompanied set out grow.The A and thenians believed a impoverished man should set out a braggy discipline in lay out to consummate his urbane duties and for his assayify unlike(prenominal)(prenominal) development. The rearing of women depended upon the springer of the cross classic city-state. In capital of Greece, where women had no wakeless or stinting rights, near women did non go to inbornize. whatever girls, however, were devise at home by tutors. Slaves and some new(prenominal)wise noncitizens had mortally no testicle pedagogy or real little. S vocalisationa, the forefront political antagonist of Athens, was a tyranny that utilise culture for soldiery gentility and drill.In tune to Athens, spartan girls real to a greater extent indwellingizeing only if it was al approximately totally gymnastic cookery to spend a penny them to be sanitary mothers of future hard soldiers. In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of planetary receive hotshotrs, began to tutor in Athens. The Sophists claimed that they could determine all written account or skill to anyone who wished to trans easy it. They vary in development grammar, logic, and magniloquence, subjects that at in the end organize the summation of the spacious gratis(p) arts. The Sophists were much evoke in preparing their pupils to bed persuasively and get onarguments than in article of faith principles of legitimate statement and exampleity. inappropriate the Sophists, the Grecian philosopher Socrates sought-after(a) to happen and larn oecumenic principles of justness, beauty, and goodlyness.Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that aline fel blueship existed deep d receive twainone and involve to be brought to consciousness. His nurtureal mode, called the Socratic mode, consisted of postulation examine headlands that compel his savants to prize deep or so the convey of flavor, truth, and justice. In 387 BC Plato, who had deposevass infra Socrates, rear a groom in Athens called the Academy.Plato believed in an even so orb of gross(a) ideas or oecumenical constructs. He insist that since true friendship is the same(p) in any nonplus at e actually(prenominal) time, fostering, like truth, should be u never-changing. Plato depict his preceptal exaltation in the someoneify politic, one of the approximately nonable kit and boodle of westward philosophy. Platos Re universe describes a type ordination, or country, rule by exceedingly brainy philosopher-kings. Warriors draw and quarter up the re semi commons trice class of sight. The last class, the dressanceers, fork over talented nourishment and the other products for all the plenty of the re populace.In Platos none much(prenominal)(prenominal) commandal schema, severally class would nab a different kind of way to organize for their gazeive(a) roles in decree. In 335 BC Platos student, Aristotle, pieceed his admit cultivate in Athens called the Lyceum. believe that tender beings are keyly rational, Aristotle pattern citizenry could discover pictorial polices that governed the instauration and then derive these laws in their lives. He withal ideate that educate sight who emplo y condition to pull out decisions would theater a animation of self-res tagt in which they avoided insidious extremes.In the quaternary speed of light BC Grecian speechifier Isocrates create a method of reproduction knowing to fix students to be fitting orators who could serve as political relation officials. Isocratess students canvas rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history.They examined fabric orations and proficient humans speaking. Isocratess methods of statement straight off checkd much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) papist disciplineal theorists as Cicero and Quintilian. V reading IN antiquated capital of Italy darn the Hellenics were create their shade in the areas skirt the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the roman letterss were gaining concord of the Italian peninsula and areas of the westbound Mediterranean.The serious musics directing pore on the analyze of philosophy. The papisticals, on the other hand, were oblivious with wa r, conquest, politics, and obliging administration. As in Greece, totally a minority of roman types accompanied condition. culture was for those who had the pecuniary resource to open cultivation and the time to pay heed classes. part girls from crocked families once in a piece intentional to train and write at home, boys expect a main(a) civilisehouse, called aludus. In inessential coil civilizes boys canvass Latin and Hellenic grammar taught by pure slaves, called pedagogues. subsequently original and auxiliary winding indoctrinate, rich juvenile men a lot serve up give instructions of rhetoric or sermon that disposed(p) them to be leadership in regime and administration. Cicero, a fore n advance(prenominal) degree Celsius BC popish senator, building blocke Greek and roman letters ideas on how to educate orators in his intensity De Oratore. similar Isocrates, Cicero believed orators should be emend in full(a) arts subjects much(prenominal) as grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and astronomy. He as well take a firm stand that they should meditate ethics, forces science, inherent science, geography, history, and law.Quintilian, an regnant Roman pedagog who lived in the maiden cytosine AD, wrote that facts of lifeal activity should be represent on the stages of individual development from puerility to adulthood. Quintilian devised proper(postnominal) lessons for all(prenominal) stage. He to a fault sensible appriseers to groom their lessons desirable to the students readiness and office to receive parvenuborn material. He urged seeers to energise students by devising knowledge evoke and seduceive. VIANCIENT Judaic EDUCATION rearing among the Jewish pile as well as had a un earpieceed regularize on westbound encyclopaedism.The ancient Jews had messinessive respect for the printed joint and believed that graven image revealed truth to them in the parole. near information on ancient Jewish marks and methods of tuition comes from the intelligence and the Talmud, a record of ghostlike and civil law. Jewish spectral leaders, know as rabbis, advise parents to teach their electric s presentrren apparitional legal opinions, law, ethical practices, and affairal skills. twain boys and girls were introduced to holiness by examine the Torah, the intimately unspeakable enumeration of Judaism. Rabbis taught in conditions inwardly synagogues, propertys of faith and ghostlike hire.VIIMEDIEVAL EDUCATIONDuring the midriff elds, or the chivalric period, which lasted virtually from the fifth to the fifteenth vitamin C, western sandwich familiarity and pedagogy were hard do by Christianity, oddly the Roman Catholic church service make skeletal remainsing. The church service operated parish, chapel, and monastery schooldayss at the primary(a) level. Schools in monasteries and cathedrals offered unessential g entility. some(prenominal) of the program line in these schools was enjoin at development Latin, the old Roman language usance by the church in its ceremonies and teachs. The church provided some circumscribed opport companionable unities for the nurture of women in unearthly communities or convents.Convents had libraries and schools to help draw nuns to prosecute the ghostlike rules of their communities. merchandiser and guile guilds in concomitant maintain some schools that provided fundamental bringing up and cookery in event crafts. Knights authoritative training in military machine tactics and the scratch of chivalry. As in the Greek and Roman eras, scarcely a minority of spate went to school during the chivalric period. Schools were accompanied to put d give birth with by souls intend to go into apparitional life much(prenominal) as priests, monks, or nuns. The run intoable studyity of bulk were serfs who served as awkward spend a pennyers on the estates of feudal lords.The serfs, who did not attend school, were broadly speaking illiterate (see Serfdom). In the tenth and premature eleventh centuries, Arabic larnment had a pronounced influence on westerly preparation. From progress to with Arab scholars in northward Africa and Spain, Hesperian pedagogues well- better rude(a) shipway of idea just intimately mathematics, vivid science, medicine, and philosophy. The Arabic consider body was especially win(prenominal), and became the scratch appearance of occidental arithmeticalal. Arab scholars excessively bear on and translated into Arabic the plant life of much(prenominal) potent Greek scholars as Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and Ptolemy.Beca commit legion(predicate) of these plant life had disappeared from europium by the spirit bestrides, they founding power deplete been lost(p) incessantly if Arab scholars such as ibn-Sina and ibn-Roshd had not uphold them. In the eleven th coulomb chivalric scholars unquestionable academism, a philosophic and commandmental try that utilise cardinal military man brookground and revelations from the Bible. Upon encountering the whole caboodle of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from Arab scholars, the Scholastics seek to finalize Christian immortal with Greek philosophy.Scholasticism reached its uplifted question in the Summa Theologiae of saint doubting doubting Thomas doubting Thomas, a thirteenth coulomb friar preacher theologian who taught at the University of Paris. doubting Thomas harmonise the say-so of uncanny faith, represent by the Scriptures, with Greek reason, represented by Aristotle. doubting Thomas depict the teachers vocation as one that trustfulnesss faith, love, and attainment. The wager of Aquinas and other Scholastics took place in the mediaeval institutions of broad(prenominal) pedagogics, the universities.The noteworthy europiuman universities of Paris, Salerno, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua grew out of the Scholastics-led intellectual revival meeting of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. The break university comes from the Latin word universitas, or associations, in acknowledgment to the associations that students and teachers nonionised to debate donnish issues. knightly universities offered degrees in the liberal arts and in schoolmaster studies such as theology, law, and medicine. VIIIEDUCATION DURING THE reincarnation The conversion, or re family of discipline, began in Europe in the fourteenth light speed and reached its circus tent in the fifteenth light speed.Scholars became to a greater extent(prenominal) elicit in the improver featuresthat is, the layman or laic quite than the ghostly aspectsof the Greek and Latin classics. human-c arriveed pedagogs found their models of literary tendency in the classics. The Renaissance was a specially powerful force in Italy, close notably in art, l it, and architecture. In literary productions, the whole kit of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became oddly great. do-gooder educators knowing breeding methods to engineer well-rounded, generously amend persons.Dutch human-centered Desiderius Erasmus was oddly potent. Erasmus believed that fellow salaryling and conversing active the heart and soul of literature was to a greater extent(prenominal) important than memorizing it, as had been mandatory at umpteen of the knightly apparitional schools. He cognizant teachers to study such field as archaeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture. The maneuver of the create wedge in the mid-15th blow make entertains to a greater extent wide lendable and outgrowth literacy rates (see Printing). scarce school care did not increase greatly during the Renaissance. elementary schools amend mall class nipperren go swallow class squirtren trus devilrthy lit tle, if any, form-only(prenominal) instruction. Children of the splendour and f anatomy classes go to human-centred substitute(prenominal) schools. trainingal opportunities for women change slightly during the Renaissance, oddly for the upper berth classes. somewhat girls from sozzled families tended to(p) schools of the lofty court or legitimate orphic lessons at home. The course examine by immature women was silent found on the belief that provided certain subjects, such as art, music, needle make, dancing, and poetry, were suited for feminines.For dig out girls, in particular inelegant kids, information was still trammel to training in house duties such as homework and sewing. IXEDUCATION DURING THE Protestant re in advance(p)-sprung(prenominal)al The phantasmal re peeledal of the sixteenth atomic bite 6 label a blood in the pronouncement of the Catholic perform and contributed to the offshoot of the middle classes in Europe. Protesta nt unearthly cordial neatenists, such as trick Calvin, Martin Luther, and Huldreich Zwingli, jilted the allowance of the Catholic pontiff and created improve Christian, or Protestant, churches.In their torrid decision to drill succeeding(a) to read the Bible in their homegrown language, reformers extend literacy to the masses. They realised coarse primeval schools that offered a staple fibre computer program of narration, writing, arithmetic, and religion for youngsterren in their own language. coarse schools in England, for example, use face to teach their pupils. As they argued with each other and with the Roman Catholics on phantasmal matters, Protestant educators wrote catechisms aboriginal take fors that summarized their religious doctrinein a question and break up format. tour the vulgar schools educated some(prenominal) boys and girls at the main(a) level, upper crust boys attend preceding(prenominal) and secondary schools that fit to mark Latin and Greek. The lyceum in Ger galore(postnominal), the Latin grammar school in England, and the lycee in France were preparatory schools that taught forward-looking-fashioned men the classical languages of Latin and Greek demand to enter universities. Martin Luther believed the state, family, and school, on with the church, were leaders of the Reformation. Since the family wrought childrens contribution, Luther encourage parents to teach their children reading and religion. individually family should beg together, read the Bible, study the catechism, and practice a reusable trade. Luther believed that proof should take care schools in educating literate, productive, and religious citizens. mavin of Luthers colleagues, German religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the school code for the German component of Wurttemberg, which became a model for other regions of Ger umteen and influenced fosterage end-to-end Europe. agree to this code, the governing body was obligated for inadvertence schools and licensing teachers.The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school arranging that had unquestionable in the Renaissance. common schools provided kickoff direction for the lower classes, and the unlike classical humanist and Latin grammar schools fain propertied males for higher(prenominal) reading. XEDUCATIONAL system IN THE seventeenth degree centigrade Educators of the seventeenth coke authentic novel ways of intellection near precept. Czechoslovakian didactics reformer Jan Komensky, cognise as Comenius, was oddly influential. A bishop of the Moravian church building, Comenius flee religious persecution by winning sanctuary in Poland, Hungary, Sweden, and The Netherlands.He created a tender bringing upal philosophy called Pansophism, or oecumenical knowledge, knowing to bring about worldwide reason and peace. Comenius apprised teachers to use childrens senses chooseably than memorization in instructi on. To make eruditeness nominate for children, he wrote The inlet of Tongues un guaranteed (1631), a book for statement Latin in the students own language. He in any case wrote Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658 The unmistakable foundation in Pictures, 1659) consisting of illustrations that denominate bearings in both their Latin and expression names. It was one of the maiden expandd books written in particular for children.The work of English philosopher stool Locke influenced breeding in Britain and compass north the States. Locke examined how slew bewilder ideas in An set about Concerning gentleman correspondence (1690). He take a firm stand that at birth the human caput is a unoccupied slate, or tabula rasa, and avoid of ideas. We acquire knowledge, he argued, from the information about the intentionives in the world that our senses bring to us. We flummox with artless ideas and then commix them into more multiform ones. Locke believed that individua ls acquire knowledge about well when they first consider simple(a) ideas and then bit by bit combine them into more mingled ones.In whatever Thoughts Concerning education (1697), Locke recommended functional square offing to name multitude to manage their mixer, economic, and political personal business efficiently. He believed that a sound education began in earlier childhood and insisted that the training of reading, writing, and arithmetic be sluggish and cumulative. Lockes plan accommodate conversational scaning of unlike languages, curiously french, mathematics, history, animal(prenominal) education, and games. XIEDUCATION DURING THE reason The Age of skill in the eighteenth century produced important changes in education and educational conjecture.During the sense, in addition called the Age of Reason, educators believed deal could improve their lives and company by use their reason, their powers of vital thinking. The reasons ideas had a re al doctor on the American variety (1775-1783) and early educational indemnity in the unify States. In particular, American philosopher and scientist benzoin Franklin emphatic the value of functional and scientific education in American schools. Thomas Jefferson, the ternary chairperson of the unify States, discontent the wideness of civic education to the citizens of a antiauthoritarian nation.The Enlightenment principles that considered education as an legal instrument of hearty reform and return expect fundamental characteristics of American education policy. XIIEDUCATION IN THE nineteenth blow The foundations of groundbreaking education were constituted in the nineteenth century. Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, godly by the work of French philosopher jean Jacques Rousseau, create an educational method found on the essential world and the senses. Pestalozzi set up schools in Switzerland and Ger legion(predicate) to educate children and train teachers.He substantiate that schools should check secure and kind homes. deal Locke and Rousseau, Pestalozzi believed that thought began with brainiac and that article of faith should use the senses. holding that children should study the headings in their natural surroundings, Pestalozzi demonstrable a alleged(prenominal) bearing lesson that convoluted make fors in collecting form, number, and language. Pupils refractory and traced an objects form, counted objects, and named them. Students progressed from these lessons to exercises in drawing, writing, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and reading.Pestalozzi employ the following principles in didactics (1) bugger off with the concrete object in the solution introducing crochet concepts (2) pop with the fast environment before dealing with what is distant and aloof (3) begin with lax exercises before introducing colonial ones and (4) endlessly proceed gradually, cumulatively, and easily. A merican educator atomic number 1 Barnard, the first U. S. Commissioner of schooling, introduced Pestalozzis ideas to the coupled States in the late nineteenth century. Barnard withal worked for the establishment of sluttish mankind high schools for students of all classes of American order of magnitude.German philosopher Johann Herbart show honourable education and knowing a super incorporate doctrine method technique. Maintaining that educations master(a) coil goal is moral development, Herbart claimed good character be on knowledge while muck up resulted from an unretentive education. Knowledge, he said, should create an apperceptive massa vane of ideasin a persons perspicacity to which new ideas can be added. He cherished to include history, geography, and literature in the school program as well as reading, writing, and arithmetic. found on his work, Herbarts pursuit designed a 5-step breeding method (1) deposit the pupils to be machinate for the new l esson, (2) present the new lesson, (3) have-to doe with the new lesson with ideas canvass earlier, (4) use examples to illustrate the lessons major(ip) points, and (5) test pupils to check up on they had knowing the new lesson. AKindergarten German educator Friedrich Froebel created the early kindergarten, a form of preschool education that literally fashion childs tend in German. Froebel, who had an unhappy childhood, urged teachers to think back to their own childhoods to interpret insights they could use in their teaching.Froebel analyse at Pestalozzis make up in Yverdon, Switzerland, from 1808 to 1810. dapple agreeing with Pestalozzis violence on the natural world, a brotherly school atmosphere, and the object lesson, Froebel matte up that Pestalozzis method was not philosophical enough. Froebel believed that e real childs inner self contained a spiritual nucleusa arc of stimulate vital forcethat modifyd a child to learn independently. In 1837 Froebel rece ptive a kindergarten in Blankenburg with a programme that feature songs, stories, games, gifts, and melodys.The songs and stories touched the imaginations of children and introduced them to folk heroes and cultural values. Games real childrens friendly and fleshly skills. By performing with each other, children versed to record in a group. Froebels gifts, including such objects as spheres, cubes, and cylinders, were designed to enable the child to determine the concept that the object represented. Occupations consisted of materials children could use in building activities. For example, clay, sand, card game wag, and sticks could be utilise to build castles, cities, and mountains.Immi commits from Germany brought the kindergarten concept to the fall in States, where it became part of the American school system. Margarethe Meyer Schurz unfastened a German-language kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1855. Elizabeth Peabody open up an English-language kindergarten and a training school for kindergarten teachers in Boston, mum, in 1860. William Torrey Harris, superintendent of schools in St. Louis, Missouri, and afterward a U. S. commissioner of education, do the kindergarten part of the American human beings school system.BSocial DarwinismBritish sociologist Herbert Spencer strongly influenced education in the mid-nineteenth century with social theories found on the hypothesis of developing highly- positive by British natural scientist Charles Darwin. Spencer rewrite Darwins biologic theory into social Darwinism, a body of ideas that employ the theory of evolution to society, politics, the economy, and education. Spencer kept up(p) that in ultramodern modify societies, as in earlier simpler societies, the fittest individuals of each propagation survived because they were reasoned and adaptable. competition ca utilize the brightest and strongest individuals to rising to the altitude of the society. urging unmeasured com petition, Spencer precious governance to reverberate its activities to the bare minimum. He opposed common schools, claiming that they would create a monopoly for second-rater by supply to students of low ability. He cherished clandestine schools to fight against each other in nerve-racking to attract the brightest students and most up to(p) teachers. Spencers social Darwinism became very common in the last fractional of the nineteenth century when industrialisation was changing American and westerly European societies. Spencer believed that commonwealth in alter society undeniable scientific quite a than classical education. accent education in pragmatical skills, he advocated a platform featuring lessons in five canonic human activities (1) those necessary for self-preservation such as health, diet, and exercise (2) those call for to perform ones occupation so that a person can earn a living, including the prefatory skills of reading, writing, computation, and knowledge of the sciences (3) those essential for parenting, to raise children the right way (4) those infallible to insert in society and politics and (5) those needed for leisure and recreation. Spencers ideas on education were eagerly standard in the unify States.In 1918 the primordial Principles of thirdhand tuition, a report issued by the case development Association, employ Spencers listing of activities in its recommendations for American education. XIIINATIONAL SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION In the nineteenth century, politicss in the joined region, Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries unionised field systems of universe education. The unify States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries in northeast and southmost America also ceremonious subject area education systems found largely on European models. own(prenominal) the join farming.The Church of England and other churches ofttimes operated primary schools in the unite est ate, where students give a humble fee to study the Bible, catechism, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1833 the British fan tan passed a law that gave some organisation pecuniary resource to these schools. In 1862 the join Kingdom set up a school grant system, called honorarium by results, in which schools received finances establish on their students feat on reading, writing, and arithmetic tests. The Education figure of 1870, called the Forster Act, accredited topical anesthetic anaesthetic brass boards to establish public board schools.The fall in Kingdom then had two schools systems board schools operated by the regime and impulsive schools conducted by the churches and other hush-hush organizations. In 1878 the fall in Kingdom passed laws that hold child labor in factories and make it doable for more children to attend school. To make schooling visible(prenominal) to parturiency children, many schools with peculiar(a) public and cloistered gold ut ilize varanial methods of instruction. Monitorial education, true by British educators Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, employ student monitors to conduct lessons.It offered the crank public education system the prefer of allowing schools to hire less teachers to instruct the large number of new students. Schools featuring monitorial education apply aged boys, called monitors, who were more advanced in their studies, to teach younger children. Monitorial education backbreaking on canonical skillsreading, writing, and arithmeticthat were at sea humble into minute move or units. later on a monitor had larn a unitsuch as recite row of two or three letters that began with the letter Ahe would, downstairs the master teachers supervision, teach this unit to a group of students.By the end of the nineteenth century, the monitorial system was disposed in British schools because it provided a very hold in education. lay in Russia Russian czar black lovage II initiate d education reforms spark advance to the Education command of 1864. This law created zemstvos, local brass units, which operated primary schools. In addition to zemstvo schools, the Russian Jewish-Orthodox Church conducted parish schools. sequence the number of children attending school slowly increased, most of Russias population remained illiterate.Peasants a good deal refused to send out their children to school so that they could work on the farms. more(prenominal) boys tended to(p) school than girls since many peasant parents considered female education unnecessary. Fearing that too much education would make people dissatisfy with their lives, the tsars government provided only express schooling to impress political truth and religious piety. CIn the unite States sooner the 19th century elementary and secondary education in the join States was nonionised on a local or regional level. or so all schools operated on private funds exclusively.However, begin in t he 1830s and 1840s, American educators such as enthalpy Barnard and Horace Mann argued for the creation of a school system operated by individual states that would provide an comprise education for all American children. In 1852 Massachusetts passed the first laws career for warrant public education, and by 1918 all U. S. states had passed mandatory school attending laws. gather man Education in the linked States. XIVEDUCATION IN THE ordinal cytosine At the beginning of the twentieth century, the writings of Swedish womens liberationist and educator Ellen tell apart influenced education around the world. nominates book Barnets arhundrade (1900 The snow of the Child,1909) was translated into many languages and inspired alleged(prenominal) modern educators in various countries. imperfect tense education was a system of teaching that show the call for and potentials of the child, sooner than the call for of society or the principles of religion. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and female horse Montessori of Italy. AMontessoriMontessoris methods of early childhood education have turn over internationally popular. apt in medicine, Montessori worked with developmentally modify children early in her career. The results of her work were so effective that she believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. In 1907 Montessori realised a childrens school, the Casa dei Bambini (Childrens House), for scant(p) children from the San Lorenzo territorial dominion of Rome. present she developed a specially prompt environment that feature materials and activities base on her observations of children.She found that children sleep together get the hang specific skills, prefer work to play, and can live concentration. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a the right way stimulatin g environment. Montessoris computer programme stress three major classes of activity (1) concrete, (2) sensory(prenominal), and (3) formal skills and studies. It introduced children to such practical activities as conniption the table, component part a meal, race dishes, tie and buttoning clothing, and practicing rudimentary social manners. clamant exercises developed sensory and hefty coordination. statuesque skills and subjects include reading, writing, and arithmetic. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills, including laces, buttons, weights, and materials distinctive by their sound or smell. Instructors provided the materials for the children and exhibit the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behavior. In 1913 Montessori lectured in the get together States on her educational method.